Clinical Comparisons Of The Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies

Clinical Comparisons of the Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies Alzheimer’s disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) are neurodegenerative diseases with overlapping biomarkers and behavioral symptoms, thus making the diagnosis of CTE difficult to fully address and identify. Additional concerns over the effects and correlation of multiple concussions are arising clinically as well as socially. Despite its recent attention and increasing recognition for further research, much remains unknown and unclear on the clinical and pathophysiology of CTE. Currently, CTE is only diagnosed and analyzed through pathological examinations performed post-mortem. Consequently due to†¦show more content†¦Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive type of amnesia, which causes severe memory loss and mental deterioration. It is common and typical for patients suffering from the various fluctuations and categories of amnesia to maintain intact, working, and procedural memory. The severity of the AD increases gradually over time, leading to complications and symptoms of such as confusion, depression, sleeplessness, and delusions. Although the primary onset of AD is old age, younger adults are also at risk. Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease affects the elderly and geriatric community. This influx of late-onset Alzheimer’s affects about 5% of people between the ages of 65 to 74 and almost 50% of people over 85 years old. Early-onset is another stage of this disease; occasionally affecting people younger than the age of 40. There is a negative genetic predisposition correlation for those whom suffer from early-onset dementia having family members related to be much more likely to develop AD, than those related to people with late-onset AD. Research of early-onset AD mainly focuses on genetic factors. Physiological research states genetics, environmental factors, or a combination of both cause AD. (Evans, George, 2000). During the course of going through the developmental stages of life and aging, the brain is subjected to numerous fluctuations. Several neurons as well

The Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial...

The Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was an extremely important historical process in which the societies and cultures in the West, and then throughout the world, transformed under the influence of technological and scientific progress. The Western world, as industrialized as it is today, is the final result. Two major inventions, the steam engine and electricity, were both crucial parts of the technological progress that turned the wheels of the Industrial Revolution. According to World History From 1500 by J. Michael Allen and James B. Allen, the Industrial Revolution could not have happened without a new, reliable source of power (144). The steam engine became such†¦show more content†¦In 1765 a brilliant Scottish inventor James Watt made a major improvement to the Newcomen’s engine; the resulting new engine required 75 percent less fuel. According to the History Channel presentation, Money and Power, the new invention got immediate attention of a Scottish businessman Roebuck, who bought two thirds of the patent. Later, unfortunately, the partnership fell apart, and Watt found a new partner in 1774, Matthew Boulton. Together they built a new water pump engine in five months, and by 1776 a few of the pumps were already in service. The new engine was far more affordable and efficient than Newcomen’s engine and greatly improved the production in the areas it was used. But more tasks were awaiting the steam engine; new machines in various branches of industry needed power. As Egon Larsen writes in A History of Invention, â€Å"Boulton badgered Watt to think of ways and means to convert the reciprocating movement of the engine into a rotary one for use in factories and, later perhaps, for vehicles and ships† (37). Watt produced at least five different solutions. So, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, Watt’s engines were running all over Britain and abroad serving as pumps, blasting furnaces, and driving machinery in factories. As a result of these applications, â€Å"In 1800 Great Britain was producing more coal and iron than the rest of the world combined: 12 million tons of coalShow MoreRelatedSteam Engines Of The Industrial Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe industrial revolution. The factories during this era, themselves, were powered by steam engines. But where did the steam engine come from? Who invented this revolutionary invention? How does the steam engine chug-chug at 50+ miles per hour by merely using hot air, emitted by boiling water. The answer to these questions: the steam engine was not invented nor developed solely by one person, but by contributions of a multitude of people throughout this time in history. 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This paper will discuss the history of coal and the role it plays in creating the building blocks for modernRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution that Changed the Face of the World1374 Words   |  6 Pages The Industrial Revolution that changed the face of the world: Imagine life without education and the only source of income for a family to survive is through subsistence farming. Consider life without electricity and the only source of transportation was on foot or horseback riding, if you were fortune enough to afford a horse. During this time communication was also limited and extremely difficult. Life began to change as the Industrial Revolution impacted lives from Great Britain toRead MoreThe Three Industrial Revolutions1740 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The term industrial revolution refers means the strong transformation of a society- economically, socially, culturally and geographically. The Industrial revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in manufacturing, agriculture, mining, transportation and technology had a profound effect on the social, cultural and economic conditions of the times. FIRST IR The main differences between the First and Second Industrial Revolution were the invisible handRead MoreIndustrial Revolution 34013 Words   |  17 PagesINDUSTRIAL STUDIES ASSIGNMENT NO 1 Development of Engineering since the Industrial Revolution The Main Outcomes of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on society. The major effects were socially and economically. It is rather difficult to date the start of the industrial revolution but history books of today suggest the onset during the 18th century. The change from agriculture to industry was vast and it must be remembered that England was

Current Issues Facing Hotels Free Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss 4 different issues that hotels are facing currently and how it affects the Operations and Profitability of the Property. Review in detail each of these Issues and provide alternative solutions to assist in overcoming these issues. Answer: Introduction The hotel business has grown so much over the years and very business models have been implemented in the operations. Hotel operations and developments have been impacted greatly by the social and environmental life of many. The social and environmental developments are in the range of customer support systems, environmental concerns, technological and health concerns(ARUSTEU, 2014). Hoteliers and investors have become aware of these impacts and have changed their desires and ambitions to incorporate the right changes for sustainable development. They have also focused on changing operations for reduction of costs/prices, pay attention towards meeting legal regulations and also focus on environmental and social developments. Classifications of hotels According to (Ahmad, 2015), the hotels under the hospitality industry are classified into four major categories including; The five star hotels. These hotels are huge and offer services to tourists and visitors in the metropolitan and urban settings. They are considered very costly since they serve tourists, travelers and businessmen. Heritage hotels. These are second in rank and are less expensive. Expenditure on capital is less and they are much affordable to middle income earners. Budget hotels. These provide reasonably affordable services and are a favorite to domestic travelers. Good services and seasonal special offerings are characterized by the hotels. The unclassified. These are found across the country and provide services a very low price and affordable to many. There selling point lies in a low pricing policy. The Contemporary Issues on Hotels The hotel industry currently faces some challenges that are slowing their development pace. According to (Airey, Dredge, Gross, 2014), there are a number of issues that hotels have to battle with in the hospitality industry. They include; increasing customer demands and their changing tastes and preferences, intensified competition in the industry, technological changes among others. (Al-Nujami, Idris, Al-Ferokh, 2014), the major challenges that are really giving hoteliers and investors sleepless nights include; Financial availability. Many hoteliers and investors face financial challenges and fixed costs. The fixed costs such as facility sustenance, payment of bills and salaries lead to varying and reducing revenue streams. The deadlock created between the customers demanding for affordable services and the hoteliers increasing prices to fix the financial challenges are great(Cantallops Salvi, 2014). The financial challenges have really put hotel managers on the task of finding the solution to financial challenges without destroying their market reputation or lowering the quality of their services. Capital and finances are responsible for the confidence level that will be between the investors and lenders. Human resources Many hotels and hospitality industry face personnel challenges. The growth in the industry has increased the demand for more employees and staff in the business. The roles and responsibilities have been redefined with the changing customers tastes and preferences, and the shrinking labor pool. The challenge of demography, failure to address employee satisfaction and wage levels can be said to be the main contributors to difficulty in attracting and retaining employees by hotels(Chiu, Chiu, Sung, Hsieh, 2015). Worker satisfaction is also another challenge in the human resource area. Failure of organizing on the job training, or creation of enrichment programs on training the worker may fail to make the employee participate in other innovative activities like improving brands. Since brands have become so essential in enabling an organization keep its competitive edge, the hotel management may go at a loss if these training programs are not created and employee satisfaction not met. Various strategies and approaches are being sought by hoteliers to find and retain highly qualified staff with provision of standard wages in order to maintain them(Chou, 2014). Many qualified employees always want to work for bigger, popular hotels with good salaries and wages, the reputation of the hotel in the market will therefore enhance the number of employees it will attract and be able to maintain. Hotels are working hard to ensure they meet the demands of the customers who have become more knowledgeable on luxuries offered by different hotels. The internet has assisted them decide on their hotel of choice and leaving hotel managers with a hard task to ensure staff are enough and available to attend to their needs. Seasonal businesses. Hotels face a lot of fluctuations in the industry during off peak and on peak seasons. Maintenance of the business in order to earn more profit during the off peaks seasons has proved to be great challenge and its during these periods that some even become bankrupt after too much borrowing(Galliers Leidner, 2014). The managers have an uphill task of scrambling for the few customers during these off peak seasons and are even embracing the use of ubiquitous media for advertisement of the services and products they offer. The seasonal business is characterized by changes in demography, and the travelling trends of both tourist and domestic travelers. This has forced hotel managers find an alternative of diversifying their services and products to customers in order to satisfy their desires, wants and multigenerational needs. Designing, adopting and executing means of enhancing customer experience notwithstanding the age or generation is part of their major concerns during the off peak season(Grobelna Marciszewska, 2016). Serving their varied patterns, habits and needs brings the generations together which is very important for the hotel management. These is a strategy to enable retain their customers, during the off peak season and maintain their competitive edge. Branding issues Since brands have become so essential in enabling an organization keep its competitive edge, hotel managements have decided to focus on improving their product and service brands. The explosion of branding new hotels with their services and products have been a great challenge to hotels that were existing earlier before the explosion and have put customers in a frenzy of deciding on which among the many brands is actually unique as exclaimed(Hall, Gossling, Scott, 2015). According to (Liu, Guillet, Xiao, Law, 2014), the major branding issues faced by hoteliers include; Branding has created a challenge of imparting realism of local culture into the standards of the brands.The intensified competition of brands has increased the divergence of interests between owners and the brands themselves. The competition has also increased the amenity creep between the brands and owners.The explosion of branding worldwide has resulted in commoditization of hotel products. The branding explosion and blitz only happen in a cycle and mostly occurs in the peak points of the hotels business cycle. When hotels get into the off peak business seasons, the branding of products and services goes down. Customers taste and preferences change frequently with time and hotel management are always on toes to ensure they brand a product in relation to customers needs(Mitchell, Font, Li, 2015). The idea of branding and rebranding is put in a way that the products and services are expected to meet the customers changing taste buds and evolving needs in sufficient qualities. Unfortunately, the more brands created only lead to creating more confusion to the customer hence not a better option for hoteliers. Hotel managers are focusing on mitigating this branding challenge by creation of alternative uses of marginal properties and brands to retain their customers and avoid worrying of the branding psychosis that waste a lot of time that could be used for other innovative purposes. According to (Nelson, 2014), other contemporary issues that the hotel business has to lock horns with include some of the following: Technological challengesFuture of hotel profits due to technological challenges and demography.Distribution revolution and travel restrictions.Global emerging trends and globalization. Recommendations on Alternatives in Overcoming the Issues The emerging issues discussed have a lot of impact to hoteliers in terms of profitability and operations of the facilities. The issue of capital and finances are very important in the running of any business in terms of acquiring raw materials and consumable products for the business, paying bills, wages and salaries, acquisition of miscellaneous materials, and the overall maintenance of the facility and its activities(Prebezac, Schott, Sheldon, 2016). With limited funds, hoteliers face a great challenge in running the business. The hotels can diversify their sources of income without necessarily depending on sales from the hotel. Banks and other financial institutions could help them increase their funds for running and maintain the business. The seasonal businesses also have effect on the hotels and are very much in connection with financial issues(Sharpley Telfer, 2014). The hotels could find alternatives by diversifying in provision of other services or products like outside catering for wedding, funerals or other social functions especially during the off-peak seasons in order to maintain their capital flow and retain their employees. The human resource issue is a major one as without staff no functions can run in the hotel. The hotels could set training and enrichment programs for the employees to increase their skills and innovativeness. The improved skills will enable them come up with proper branding skills and better methods of diversification during off peak seasons. The hotel management could also improve their wages and salaries to a standard amount that leads towards employee satisfaction. The hotel could also work hard to ensure only quality is served to customers in order to maintain their popularity and market reputation(Weeden Boluk, 2014). This will in turn result to attracting more qualified employees from different regions. In the case of branding, hotel management could rather increase the quality of services and products they offer. These alone will spread by word of mouth and the customer attraction will be overwhelming even without the hotel branding its services(Yang, Luo, Law, 2014). However, older brands could be repainted or given a face uplift just to ensure they dont look too outdated. Conclusion In the recent times, various social and environmental changes have changed customers taste and preferences. This has been reinforced with the issue of globalization and increased use of technology. Hotels are struggling within these changes to meet their customer needs and concentrating on improving their businesses at the same time. The challenges they face in these journey as mentioned above in areas of finances, staff, branding and seasonal businesses have actually put them on toes. The hotels can overcome these challenges by improving and diversifying their funding sources, their activities during off-peak seasons, improve the quality of products and services to work on branding and employee attraction/retaining. References ARUSTEU, C., 2014. Employees Organizational Commitment Challenges-a Hotel Industry Perspective.Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy,1(3), pp.497-520. Ahmad, S.Z., 2015. Entrepreneurship in the small and medium-sized hotel sector.Current Issues in Tourism,18(4), pp.328-349. Airey, D., Dredge, D. and Gross, M.J., 2014.Tourism, hospitality and events education in an age of change(Doctoral dissertation, Routledge). Al-Nuiami, M., Idris, W.M.S. and Moh'd AL-Ferokh, F.A., 2014. An empirical study of the moderator effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between environmental turbulence and innovation performance in five-star hotels in Jordan.International Journal of Business Administration,5(2), p.111. Cantallops, A.S. and Salvi, F., 2014. New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.41-51. Chiu, C., Chiu, N.H., Sung, R.J. and Hsieh, P.Y., 2015. Opinion mining of hotel customer-generated contents in Chinese weblogs.Current Issues in Tourism,18(5), pp.477-495. Chou, C.J., 2014. Hotels' environmental policies and employee personal environmental beliefs: Interactions and outcomes.Tourism Management,40, pp.436-446. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Grobelna, A. and Marciszewska, B., 2016, April. Undergraduate students attitudes towards their future jobs in the tourism sector: challenges facing educators and business. InProceedings of the 4th International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance(pp. 138-145). Hall, C.M., Gossling, S. and Scott, D. eds., 2015.The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability. Routledge. Liu, W., Guillet, B.D., Xiao, Q. and Law, R., 2014. Globalization or localization of consumer preferences: The case of hotel room booking.Tourism Management,41, pp.148-157. Mitchell, J., Font, X. and Li, S., 2015. What is the impact of hotels on local economic development? Applying value chain analysis to individual businesses.Anatolia,26(3), pp.347-358. Nelson, R.R., 2014.Developing a Successful Infrastructure for Convention and Event Tourism. Routledge. PrebeÃ… ¾ac, D., Schott, C. and Sheldon, P. eds., 2016.The tourism education futures initiative: Activating change in tourism education. Routledge. Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D.J. eds., 2014.Tourism and development: concepts and issues(Vol. 63). Channel View Publications. Weeden, C. and Boluk, K., 2014.Managing ethical consumption in tourism. Routledge. Yang, Y., Luo, H. and Law, R., 2014. Theoretical, empirical, and operational models in hotel location research.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.209-22

Youth Essay Example For Students

Youth Essay INTRODUCTION:The federal government of Canada fifteen years ago, in 1984, the Liberal party changed the Juvenile Delinquents Acts to the Youth Offenders Act to have a More human approach to the rights of young people before the law(Leschild and Jaffe, 8:1991). In the present such as Premier, Mike Harris, of Ontario wants the federal government of Canada to scrap the Young Offenders Act. In 1999, the same party that came up with the act is making majors changes to the act. This report will look at the young offenders act at the present time, look at why kids commit crime, what is being done to improve the act, what has the province done towards teenagers and also a look at the United Sates youth system. WHAT IS YOAThe YOA the Young Offenders Act, which replaced the 75 years old Juvenile Delinquents Act in 1984, came into effect because since the courts where acting in the best interest of the children, little attention was paid to the rights of the children (Dickinson et al, 1996: 403). This had to be changed because of the new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom which was passed in 1982 stated that in section 15 that equality before the law without discrimination based on age (Dickinson and others, 1996:744). The changes that were made to the YOA were that age that a child under the age of 11 could not be held criminal responsible.While between the age of 12-17 he or she could be held partial criminal responsible. Once you reached the age of 18, an adult you were full criminally responsible (Dickinson, 404:1996). If a young offender is sent to court the detail of the crime may be published, but the young persons name or a young witness name could not be identified.The reason for this was for young people to have another chance in life if they screw up and also to protect a young persons identity especially a witness (Justice Canada, 19:1988). WHY DO KIDS COMMIT CRIME:Why do kids commit crime, they are many answers but are there any correct answers to that question. Andree Ruffo is a youth court judge in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. She believes that kids commit crime and have to appear in court because of expressing themselves or trying to tell someone that their something wrong with their life, or their needs are not being met. She also feels that parents have a lot of problems on their own as she stated that Many parents havent found themselves. So when it comes to giving to children, they have no time, their exhausted(Ruffo, 1:1994). While Marcia Kaye thinks that adolescents that turn to crimes or the street have faced sexual abuse and/or physical abuse. Kaye goes on to say that Even through parents have been loving attentive, children will choose a life of p rostitution, drugs, and violence (Kayne, 50,late 80,s).Toronto defence counsel Bill Trudell said it best when he said We dont we just recognise in this country we have kids who dont ask to be brought into this world, who have all kinds of pressures we dont even imagine and who arent Martians, theyre kids?Allmand who is one of the most left-wing Liberals on social issues, said that is a disintegration of the family and it is translating into the kind of problems youths are experiencing today (Tyler, Insight: 1994). HAS YOA BEEN EFFECTIVE:Since 1995, a year after the YOA came into effect; all areas of offences have increased. This would included all persons ages 17 and under or less charged with an offence that was dealt with informally by the police. The total of all offence in 1985 was at 188,958 and by the year 1989 it had jumped to 225, 766 so an increase of 36,808 in just 4 years. A big suprise was in the rise in numbers of the Drug offence. In 1985, it was at 4,290 and in 1986 it jumped up to 4,767, but by the year 1989 it was at 4,253. In that 5 year period it decreased by 43 but at least it is a start in one area (Ruffo, 4,1994). But it is not really young people committing the crimes because a Canadian centre for judicial statistics stated that 16 and 17 year olds commit most of the crimes. For example in 1992-1994 there were 42 murders and 25 of them or 60 percent were committed by 16 and 17 years old. Another good example is aggravated assault, which in the same year 311 were committe d but 16 and 17 year olds committed 212, which was 68% of them. Another fact was that 50% of youths, 16 and 17 year olds that were charged, had pervious criminal histories, compared with the 14 and 15 yeas old with 42%, and the 12 and 13 years old with 25%. These states show that children as they grow could be repeat offenders. In 1992, 12 to 17 year olds who represent 7.5% of the population ( biblio ) committed 30 % of the crimes. Just to add to all this in a survey in the Ottawa area, showed that 21 percent of students carried weapons in school (Wilson-Smtih, 15: 1994).WHAT CHANGES ARE PROPOSED:In a Macleans magazine in 1994, an article named Under the Gun and it reads small letters Will the Liberals get tough on young offenders.It only took five years later, but 5 years ago Justice Minister Allan Rock stated that he agrees, but there have to be more effective deferments (Wilson-Smtih, 13:1994). In another article he stated that we are not going to tolerate violence by any age gro up(Steward, A1: 1994). It only took five years to introduce the recent changed to the YOA. Some of the changes include lowering the age of the young offenders from 14 to 12 years olds where kids would be tried as an adult from the court.Another change is that the media will be able to publish the names of all young offenders, 14 and older, which receive adult sentences from the court. Another big change to all this is that parents will now be at fault if their kids commit again under their supervision. Such offence will see the parents sentence to 2 years in jail instead of the 6 months. This should show that a message is being sent to the responsibility for a young offenders is serious commitment or and a fine up to two thousand dollars (Baglole, Internet: 1999). Some other changes are that victims would be allowed to see the young offender crime file and help in the deciding of the sentencing process. Youth would also be put right away on mandatory probation after being released f rom custody. The Justice Minister Anne McLellan said that she Took a more balanced approach(Ed-kidcrime, Internet: 1999) CHANGES TOWARDS TEENAGERS:A change is the provincial governments new Violence-free School Policy that came in effect in June of 1994. It is that when a child behaves poorly in school his record will follow him/her if we move from one school to another telling the principals about past behaviour of new students. The record will be kept in the office for at least three years. The reason for all this is that Students must realise their actions will have consequences said the Former education and training minister David Cooke and he went on to say This is what we mean by zero tolerance. Another change is that if a report of a violent incident involving a student that is 12 or older, it must be reported to the police.The board is also required to keep track of all incidents and send the results to the education ministry on a yearly basis. This example of what the provi nce of Ontario is doing to crack down on Young Offenders in the school system (Daly, 1994:A13). .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e , .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .postImageUrl , .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e , .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e:hover , .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e:visited , .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e:active { border:0!important; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e:active , .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u55b7169e23aa9744afbbf0ef3ee86e1e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plato And Gatto On Divisions In Society EssayA LOOK AT THE U.S. SYSTEM: If cracking down hard on the young offenders worked, the United States should be the safest country to live in, but it is the most violent. The U.S. now tries a child at the age of 13 years old in adult court and also has some of the harsh sentences, such as shipping them to boot camps or even harsh correctional facilities (Ed-Kidcrime, 1999: Internet).Some of the changes that our friends have made to their system are in one state Florida. Florida has passed a law last year making it illegal for 16 year olds to drive after 11pm(Diamond, 1999: Internet). The U.S. has give up on boot camps because of the high rate of recidivism has led to many U.S. jurisdiction (Landsberg, 1999:Internet) The U.S. is now using a new program which has been cutting the number of new crimes committed by teenagers as much as 70%. The provincial government is now using this program. This program is known as MultiSystemic Therapy or MST, which is working the problem with the troubled kid. You are in the kids home almost every second day and Kelly McDonnell, a clinical supervisor for Peel area said, You are in there. You are getting to the bottom of the problem(Tyler, 1998: Internet). CONCLUSION: The Youth Offenders Act is a hot issue. On any given day you can not open up a newspaper or turn on a T.V and not find an article or a broadcast about the Young Offenders Act. The government has started to make changes, but could more changes be done or even faster? . The question will these changes make it better or turn it into a worst system then it is at the present, only the future will tell. Who is to blame for the youth offenders of this country could it be the parents who sometime do not have too much control of them or who do not care or known what their kids are doing are could we blame the media for influencing their minds. Let put a stop to youth crime and help these children before they get into trouble with the law. Category: Social Issues

How Poverty Affects Children Development

Abstract The research that will be done will focus mainly on children and poverty. It seeks to study how poverty affects children development; in order to successfully do this, it will deal with questions like; how is poverty related to development of children? Does severity of poverty amongst children vary in terms of sex?Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Poverty Affects Children Development? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Does family structure determine the level of poverty amongst children? The hypotheses to be tested include; poverty has multifaceted impact on the development of children, the level of poverty amongst children is also determined by the family structure and most poor children come from poor families. The sample size to be used in the research is 150 (n=150), research assistants and professionals will be used in the whole process of the research activities. The preferred data colle ction technique will be triangulation in which both quantitative and qualitative techniques will be combined and questionnaires and interview will be the main means of collecting required data. The data will then be analyzed and report generated for consumption. The research process is designed in terms of introducing the problem of poverty amongst children, carrying out literature review to determine what other research activities have revealed about experience of children in relation to poverty. Furthermore, the research process will be carried out in such a manner in which it adheres to social research principles and ethics. Introduction to Children and Poverty Poverty is one of the major world concerns especially when it comes to developing economies; it is an issue that many poor children encounter face to face and the price that they pay is unbelievably very high. It is estimated that every year, a large number of children are admitted into schools while still encountering man y challenges arising from factors such as poverty, which the teachers are not able take care of as needs. Even so, the definite meaning of poverty has never been agreed upon. Some scholars have defined poverty in terms of monetary ability while others have viewed poverty as the lack of capacity to meet the basic needs of life.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The significance of poverty has attracted the attention of many governments and multinational corporations. These governments and organizations have always set targets for reducing poverty, particularly in ensuring that most children do not suffer out of poverty. In most cases, poverty is measured in terms of the United States dollar (Khayum, 2003). One may ask why poverty is linked to children yet it should be the responsibility of parents and guardians to ensure that children get basic needs. The fact is that as m uch as it is the responsibility of parents and guardians to ensure that children get their needs, the inability of the parents and guardians to provide these basic needs to children defines the poverty statuses of the families as a whole; but the poverty affects children directly as they require much for their development such as schooling, medication, clothing and shelter. It is known and acknowledged that as adults suffer the consequences of poverty, children are the most hit since they are not economically productive and are not able to engage in any way in economic development activity to take care of their basic needs. Therefore, children suffer the effects of poverty by default when their parents and guardians are not able to take care of their basic needs and no one comes to their aid. It is like a custom that children who are born in poverty must just remain poor; for instance, this is witnessed in the caste system in the Indian culture. Such cultural beliefs have played a m ajor role in keeping the children to believe that they are to be poor and hence such scenario jeopardizes the ambitions and dreams of the children to be successful in life (Singh, 2005). Several studies that have been done in relation to children and poverty have explored different aspects of effects of poverty on children life in relation to poverty. Researchers all over the world have done a substantial work on how poverty affects health and nutrition (Luther, 1999). Through research it has been found that children from poor families suffer a lot of nutritionally related diseases and conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus. The findings also indicate that most of these children live in the world’s poorest countries and villages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Poverty Affects Children Development? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, researchers have found out that even amongst poor nations, there are relatively poor families that are not able to cater for their children’s basic needs; hence, the severity of nutritional problems arising from very poor families far outmatch the ones within relatively rich families. A number of research findings have also indicated that the well being of every child is intricately linked to the functioning of the family in which he or she is being brought up in relation to socio-economic resources which are limited; these findings also indicate that the daily socio-economic challenges can significantly negatively affect the mental health of parents. The negative effects as demonstrated in the parents, in turn, are reflected in the problems and challenges in the children’s own adjustments spanning various facets of social-emotional development. Most research activities that focus on children and poverty have not left out the link between the mother and the child. Research conducted on the psychopathology of parents h as been concerned with mothers, who are directly involved with children; the fathers have not well been represented in such research studies. Research has documented high levels of depressive amongst poor mothers during their periods of pregnancies and also during early childhood of their children. These depressive experiences have potential negative effects on parenting behavior which may orient a child to acquire certain traits. Poor and depressed mother are said to be less attentive than their rich counter parts to their children. Moreover, such parents are more likely than others to be hostile to their children; therefore, some children suffer repressive treatments and hostility from their parents due to poverty (Luther, 1999). The child lacks quality parental to child interaction due to stress experienced by the mother. Even though fathers are not well represented in these research activities, parallel research outcomes have indicated that fathers also exert significant influen ce on the life of their children.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With respect to this, fathers are expected to provide for their families, especially in developing nations where fathers are still viewed as the soul breadwinners. In cases where they are not able to provide for their families, they are highly likely to get stressed up and hence divert their attention from children. In this case also, the relationship between the father and the children are most likely weak and children as likely to view their fathers as repressive due to harsh treatment they may get from their fathers (Luthar, 1999). More research activities conducted in the recent past have also indicated that children born in poor families are likely to indulge themselves in substance abuse for instance, smoking of bhang, opium and use of other illegal drugs and substances; in this case, the focus was also placed on mothers in which it was found that poor mothers who are in themselves abusing forbidden substances are less likely to guide their children against substance abuse, es pecially those parents who live in the streets mostly found in developing nations; though this is not restricted to the nations. However, parallel research activities have also indicated that despite poverty children raised supportively and with warmth are most likely to be competent and confident; in this case, it is proven that poverty is not a definite condition for children to experience challenges in life (Luthar, 1999). According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), millions amongst the children miss a lot during their childhood due to poverty; the UN organization argues that poverty deprives the children of capacity to survive, develop and thrive. It also acknowledges that poverty makes children easy victim of exploitation, violence, abuse, stigmatization and discrimination by others, especially children. According to information by the UNICEF, children experience poverty as the part of environment that interferes with there mental, spiritual, emotional and physical development. Moreover, the experience of children with regards to poverty is also through their hands, hearts and minds. For instance, when they begin a day without a nutritious meal and or engaging in risky labor the children’s emotional capacity and also their bodily growth are greatly hindered by poverty; hence, poverty is a measure of disempowerment amongst children who are not able to participate in activities that have almost entirely remained a preserve of the children brought up in materially rich families. More information from UNICEF indicates that research done has proven that living in a poverty environment offers children insufficient stimulation and emotional support to children (United Nation Children’s Fund, 2005). According UNICEF, children suffer multidimensional poverty; the UNICEF offered funding for a research conducted by London School of Economics and the University of Bristol. The research focused on seven aspects of what UNICEF describ ed as severe deprivation that affects children living in developing countries. These dimensions included sufficient food, proper and appropriate sanitation facilities, safe and clean drinking water, education, health and shelter and access to appropriate information. The outcome of the research indicates that more than half the population of children living in developing nations undergoes at least one of the severe deprivations. With particular attention to female children, research has shown that where poor families struggle to take their children to school, they have mostly favored male children and therefore neglecting female children who are hence highly likely to drop out of school; the consequence of this is low education amongst female children population in poor regions of the world. Even though campaigns to educate the girl child have succeeded significantly, the girl-child is still marginalized academically (United Nation Children’s Fund, 2005). Poor families tend t o have more children than the rich families. In many cases, the poor families have more children than they can take care of making these children to lack basic needs in life. With respects to this, research has shown that the number of children in a family is a significant determinant of the severity of poverty experienced by an individual child. Moreover, family structure has also been found to be a significant factor that determines the poverty amongst children. According to a number of research findings, female-headed families in developing nations are poorer than male-headed ones and that poverty is more severe in women and children than males. Even though the main causes of male-headed families have not been well explored through research, research findings have indicated that out-migration by men to other parts of the world or country is the cause of female-headed families; other causes include death and divorce or birth of children outside marriages which is very common in th e rural areas of developing nations (United Nation Children’s Fund, 2005). Poverty amongst children can also be traced to cultural beliefs amongst a given community individuals; like the Indian caste system where one cannot be move to a higher caste once born in a lower caste; when a child internalizes such an information, belonging to a higher social class than the one he or she is born does not become part of his or her ambition either in school or daily activities (Kendall, 2007). There are several research studies that have been conducted on poverty but very little has been done on the impacts of poverty to children. These research activities mainly focus on poverty in general and have not actually done much in relation to how children experience poverty in life as they grow into adults (Kendall, 2007). In order to feel the gap, this research study intends to thoroughly examine how poverty is related to poverty. In fact, the research itself will be important in finding ou t how poverty affects children and how these effects are far removed from those that affect any other person in the society. Specifically, the research will be crucial to organizations and government institutions planning to participate in poverty eradication, particularly in developing countries The parameters to be measured in the research process are the proportion of the children population adversely affected by poverty issues, the structures of families and how they affect children of various ages. Poverty has multifaceted impact on the development of children. The level of poverty amongst children is also determined by the family structure. Most poor children come from poor families. The research questions that will guide the study process are: How is poverty related to development of children? Does severity of poverty amongst children vary in terms of sex? Does family structure determine the level of poverty amongst children? Method Participants The participants of the re search will be selected from amongst the poor families paying attention representation of family structures; they will also be drawn from community workers, children organizations and international organizational agencies specializing in poverty reduction activities. In this case, stratified sampling will be used to ensure proportionate representation from all the chosen areas of concern. The participants will also include children who are able to give accurate information about the impacts of poverty in their lives. These will be selected from poor families and they are children who have suffered out of poverty but are still determined to pursue their goals in education. The study will make use of 150 respondents (n=150) selected from the different categories as discussed above. However, the number may increase depending on the amount of resources available for the whole research process or as it will be deemed necessary. A large respondent (150) has been proposed because the inten ded research population is big and small sample size would give biased results. The research process will require 10 interviewers to help carry out the research study. These interviews will make use of both structured and unstructured questionnaires. Materials The research procedure will utilize triangulation as the preferred method of data collection; this is informed by the fact that triangulation gives the most accurate information when used as the main technique of data collection. The combination to be used in the data collection process includes quantitative and qualitative data. Closed series of questionnaires will be issued to various groups of people within the sample population; meanwhile, interview will be used to extract information from those parents who are unable to read and or write; besides, interview will be most appropriate in the case of getting information from children. Moreover, there will also be qualitative analysis of records from books and report pamphlets . The interview to be conducted will be guided by the open ended questions in a questionnaire and it will be the responsibility of the interviewer to fill such information appropriately into the questionnaires. Procedure Prior to the material day for study and before the recruitment of the participants, the participants will be informed of the main reason for the study and what kind of information the participants will be required to give in relation to the study. Then, after this is done, the participants will be recruited. Ethical research standards will be followed to ensure that the research process and findings are credible. The participants will be drawn from willing population and the drawing process will involve stratified random sampling; stratified random sampling was chosen because the sample population will be drawn from different groups of stakeholders with direct links or concern to children issues and poverty. The participants will be allowed to decide or change their minds regarding their participation; moreover, they will not be forced to provide the information they will not be willing to provide. Again, the research process will take place at the time when participants are free; in this case, each group of participants will be given the privilege of proposing the time appropriate for them to participate in the study process by either accepting to fill the questionnaires and or getting interviewed. The respondents will also be allowed to withdraw their participations whenever they deem necessary. This will ensure that the recruited respondents will be completely committed in the research and will be willing to offer the required information. The process of collecting data may involve recording of information gotten from them which may necessitate tape-recording their voices. In relation to this, consent will be obtained from the respondents to allow voice recording to take place. Because the aim of the research is to collect the most variable information and this can not be done if the respondent’s rights are violated. After the collection of data, a data analysis professional will be hired to compile it together. Following the complete analysis of data will be the process of interpretation and compilation of report from the analyzed data information. The utilization of the report will be informed by the purposes and reason of the research study. The whole process of research will strictly adhere to all principles of social research and methodology. It will deal with measurable parameters to allow for reliability of the whole process. Furthermore, the research process will be closely monitored to ensure that only parameters of concerns are measured with the specified research tools. This will ensure the validity of the whole research process. The research will also make use of knowledgeable research assistants and research professionals who will make sure the research process is not biased in any way and also to limit any errors as much as possible. These research assistants will also be responsible for analyzing data so that, the research yields good results. Reference List Burnett, M. et al. (2005). African voices on development and social justice. Kenya: Fahamu/Pambazuka. Luthar, S. (1999). Poverty and children’s adjustment: Volume 41 of Developmental clinical psychology and psychiatry. New York: SAGE. Khayum, M. (2003). Contemporary economic issues in developing countries. United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. Kendall, D. (2007). Sociology in Our Times. London: Cengage Learning. Singh, E. (2005). Caste System in India: A Historical Perspective. United States: Gyan Books. United Nation Children’s Fund. (2005). The State of World’s Children. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/sowc05/english/povertyissue.html Wolfendale, S. (2000). Special needs in the early years: snapshots of practice. New York: Routledge. This research paper on How Poverty Affects Children Development? was written and submitted by user Ashlyn Douglas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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